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How was a new rare disease discovered through Singapore’s Undiagnosed Disease Program? And how will technology allow us to change how we discover rare diseases in the future? Read more to find out.
October 2025
A/Prof Saumya Jamuar
Senior Consultant, Genetics service, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital
Director, SingHealth Duke-NUS Institute of Precision Medicine
Lead Principal Investigator, Singapore Undiagnosed Disease Programme
S.Christy Rohani-Montez
Senior Director of Clinical Strategy
Rare Disease Education Lead
Medscape Education
Christy: I’m so excited to be in Singapore speaking with you Saumya, about Singapore’s Undiagnosed Disease Program.
Can you tell me first a little about yourself and how you got into rare diseases?
Saumya: Sure, so I'm a pediatrician and clinical geneticist at KK Women's and Children's Hospital. Since I was young, I've loved puzzles. To me, a patient with a rare disease is a puzzle with multiple pieces that need to be put together. I saw that as I was training in pediatrics where I would see patients being managed by the cardiologist, the neurologist, the gastroenterologist, and more. They would each be focusing on their specialty, and I found myself taking a step back and asking, "Hey, are these issues all connected in some way?"
That's where I realized rare diseases play a part, because these rare diseases tend to connect the different organ systems and specialties. That passion for puzzle-solving got me into this field. What propelled it further was the pediatric setting, because the stakes are much higher for children. Once you get an answer and have that "aha" moment where it all makes sense, that brings so much joy into the work and accelerates the desire to continue.
Christy: Tell me about the condition named after you and the program behind it?
Saumya: I established Singapore’s undiagnosed disease program, which we call BRIDGES (Bridging Research Innovations for the Diagnosis of GEnetic Diseases in Singapore), to connect patients with genomic technologies. One of our first major successes came when 2 siblings were referred to my clinic with epilepsy and developmental delays where their speech was more affected than their motor skills. Standard tests were all negative, so we enrolled them in BRIDGES where we performed whole exome sequencing with our collaborators at A*STAR (Singapore's Agency for Science, Technology and Research), and identified a novel variant in a gene called UGDH.
The product of UGDH is an enzyme that’s critical for building the structural matrix of the brain. You can imagine if the matrix isn't there, the circuitry is missing. The brain is just a lot of wires, and if the wires aren't connected properly, that's when things go haywire. This led to the phenotype we were seeing: epilepsy and developmental delays. We reached out to our global network and found 18 other families with similar features and variants in the same gene. Through lab work with patient cells and cerebral organoids, we proved this was the cause and had discovered a new disease, which was named after me, the Jamuar Syndrome, and is also known as UGDH-related disorder.
Christy: What has the BRIDGES program achieved since then?
Saumya: We have successfully recruited over 850 families over the last decade, and have steadily improved our diagnostic yield from about 30% to 49%, comparable to international benchmarks. Beyond the diagnosis itself, the results have a profound impact. All families receive precise genetic counseling, and in 80% of cases, we can stop the "diagnostic odyssey" of endless tests.
Most importantly, in 27% of our diagnosed cases, there has been a direct impact on each patient's medical management. For example, one child was hospitalized for her entire first year of life with multiple infections. An exome sequence revealed an immune dysregulation that could be treated with a bone marrow transplant. She finally went home. This was our first real foray into precision therapeutics, where knowing the exact genetic pathway allowed us to provide a targeted, life-changing treatment.
Christy: What are your long-term goals for the future?
Saumya: We are focused on 2 key areas. Firstly, we are expanding access to genomics to underserved regions in Southeast Asia through our Genomics for Kids in ASEAN initiative, generously supported by the Temasek Foundation.
Secondly, we are looking ahead to the next decade, which will be all about therapeutics. Today, only 5% of rare diseases are treatable. To change that, we are developing a therapeutic platform. Instead of a slow, single-gene, single-disease approach, we want to categorize conditions based on their functional outcome—for example, is the protein absent or is it dysfunctional? Then, we can match the problem to a class of solutions (like gene replacement or gene editing) and a delivery system that can target the affected organ. This creates a systematic, 3-dimentional matrix to treat many more patients at a much faster rate and probably at lower costs.
Christy: Your work is incredible, thanks so much for speaking with me today!
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